In weerwil van studies (zoals
klik hier,
hier,
hier of
hier)
die aantoonden dat er kwa persoonlijkheid géén verschil is tussen ME/CVS-patiënten en de doorsnee bevolking
beweren Moorkens en kollega's dat het temperament/karakter van patiënten afwijkt.
Moorkens en haar kollega-vermoeidheidsdeskundigen lieten
38 patiënten (in "behandeling" bij het CVS-referentiecentrum in Antwerpen) en
42 gezonde mensen
vragenlijsten invullen om
op basis van Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI, zie toelichting onder)
het temperament en karakter van de deelnemers in kaart te brengen.
De TCI-vragenlijst valt uiteen in twee delen:
I: Temperament (4 kategorieën), te weten
- op zoek naar uitdagingen die tot beloning/straf leiden (novelty seeking),
- risikomijdend (harm avoidance),
- beloningsafhankelijk (reward dependence) en
- volhardend/met een groot doorzettingsvermogen (persistence), en
II: Karakter (3 kategorieën), te weten:
- zelfgerichtheid (selfdirectness),
- meegaandheid (cooperativeness) en
- zichzelf overstijgend/spiritueel (self-transcedence).
Volgens de vermoeidheidsdeskundigen wijken ME/CVS-patiënten af als het gaat om
Risikomijdend gedrag (hoog),
hetgeen volgens de auteurs betekent dat patiënten voorzichtiger, angstiger, pessimistischer zijn,
zelfs in situaties die anderen niet zou verontrusten (sic!).
De belangrijkste faktoren die het verschil met de gezonde mensen verklaren, zijn:
* zich vooraf zorgen maken/pessimisme én
* snel vermoeid zijn/uitdagingen vermijden.
Zelfgerichtheid (laag),
wat er volgens de onderzoekers er onder meer op duidt dat
patiënten niet de fout bij zichzelf zoeken en
dat hun houding, gedrag en keuzen opgelegd wordt door de omstandigheden.
De voornaamste faktoren die patiënten van gezonde mensen onderscheiden, zijn:
* de schuld buiten je zelf zoeken/de omgeving verwijten én
* een gebrekkige zelfdiscipline/slechte gewoonten.
Doorzettingsvermogen/volhardend,
met perfektionistische en obsessieve trekken ("uiteraard"),
hetgeen, volgens onze "experts", een stressgebonden aandoening goed zou verklaren.
Uiteraard is psychotherapie de oplossing...
Ook al is die psychotherapie aangeboden door enkele van de auteurs, werkzaam in
de referentiecentra, de afgelopen jaren kontraproduktief gebleken
(klik hier en
hier).
Selffulfilling prophecy:
Patiënten die het zat zijn deze politiek gestuurde psycho-bla-bla aan te horen
en vragen om medische antwoorden, voldoen uiteraard aan bovenstaand stereotype.
Tot slot twee citaten (waaronder één van de leider der psycheuten, Simon Wessely):
The stereotype of CFS sufferers as perfectionists
with negative attitudes toward psychiatry was not supported.
Personality and social attitudes in chronic fatigue syndrome.
J Psychosom Res. 1999 Oct;47(4):385-97.
Wood B, Wessely S.
We found that the interferon-g +874T/A and the interleukin-10592C/A polymorphisms
significantly affected illness severity, cytokine protein levels, and the duration of illness.
These cytokine genotypes acted in synergy to potentiate their influence on disease outcomes.
In contrast,
analysis of the influence of psychosocial and environmental factors
(including demographic characteristics, socioeconomic status,
personality, coping style, mood, and psychiatric history)
on illness outcomes showed no significant effects.
Cytokine polymorphisms have a synergistic effect on severity of the acute sickness response to infection.
Clin Infect Dis. 2008 Dec 1;47(11):1418-25.
Vollmer-Conna U, Piraino BF, Cameron B, Davenport T, Hickie I, Wakefield D, Lloyd AR.
Temperament and Character Inventory
Inventarisatie van Temperament en Karakter
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NS
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Novelty seeking (NS)
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1
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Exploratory excitability (NS1)
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2
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Impulsiveness (NS2)
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3
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Extravagance (NS3)
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4
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Disorderliness (NS4)
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HA
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Harm avoidance (HA)
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1
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Anticipatory worry (HA1)
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2
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Fear of uncertainty (HA2)
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3
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Shyness (HA3)
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4
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Fatigability (HA4)
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RD
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Reward dependence (RD)
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1
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Sentimentality (RD1)
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2
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Openness to warm communication (RD2)
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3
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Attachment (RD3)
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4
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Dependence (RD4)
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PS
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Persistence (PS)
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1
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Eagerness of effort (PS1)
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2
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Work hardened (PS2)
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3
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Ambitious (PS3)
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4
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Perfectionist (PS4)
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SD
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Self-directedness (SD)
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1
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Responsibility (SD1)
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2
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Purposeful (SD2)
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3
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Resourcefulness (SD3)
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4
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Self-acceptance (SD4)
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5
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Congruent second nature (SD5)
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C
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Cooperativeness (C)
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1
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Social acceptance (C1)
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2
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Empathy (C2)
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3
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Helpfulness (C3)
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4
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Compassion (C4)
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5
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Pure-hearted conscience (C5)
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ST
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Self-transcendence (ST)
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1
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Self-forgetful (ST1)
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2
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Transpersonal identification (ST2)
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3
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Spiritual acceptance (ST3)
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Bron Wikipedia:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperament_and_Character_Inventory
Novelty-Seeking
is defined as the heritable tendency
to respond with excitement to novel stimuli or cues for potential relief of punishment, thereby activating behavior.
Harm-Avoidance
involves the tendency to respond intensely to signals of aversive stimuli, thereby inhibiting behavior.
People high in Harm Avoidance are fearful, socially inhibited, shy, passive, easily tired, and
pessimistic even in situations that do not worry other people.
Reward-Dependence
is a heritable tendency to respond intensely to signals of reward, thereby maintaining behavior.
Persistence
involves the tendency to persevere in behaviors t
hat have been previously associated with reward or relief from punishment, despite frustration and fatigue.
The three character dimensions mature in adulthood and are based on the development of self-concepts.
Self-Directedness
quantifies the extent to which an individual is responsible,
reliable, resourceful, goal-oriented, and self-confident.
Individuals low in Self-Directedness are blaming, helpless, irresponsible, unreliable, reactive,
and unable to define, set and pursue meaningful internal goals.
Such poor resourcefulness and unrealistic behavior are often disadvantageous to the individual.
Cooperativeness
quantifies the extent to which individuals conceive themselves as integral parts of human society.
Highly cooperative persons are described as empathic, tolerant, compassionate, supportive and principled.
Self-Transcendence
quantifies the extent to which individuals conceive themselves as integral parts of the universe as a whole.
Self-transcendent individuals are spiritual, unpretentious, humble, and fulfilled.
These traits are adaptively advantageous when people are confronted with suffering, illness, or death,
which is inevitable with advancing age.
Bron (o.a.):
https://psychobiology.wustl.edu/7dimensions.html
Use of the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI) for Assessment of Personality in Chronic Fatigue Syndrome
Psychosomatics 2009; 50:147–154.
Van Campen E, Van Den Eede F, Moorkens G, Schotte C, Schacht R, Sabbe BG, Cosyns P, Claes SJ.
Background:
Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS)
is characterized by severe and prolonged fatigue,
along with a set of non-specific symptoms and signs,
such as sore throat, muscle pain, headaches,
and difficulties with concentration or memory.
Objective:
The study examined whether
CFS is associated with
specific dimensions of Cloninger’s psychobiological model of personality.
Method:
Personality profiles were compared between
38 CFS patients and
42 control subjects
by means of the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI).
Results:
The CFS group showed
significantly higher scores
on Harm-Avoidance
and Persistence.
Conclusion:
The current study
shows a significant association
between specific personality characteristics
and CFS.
These personality traits may be implicated in
the onset and/or
perpetuation of CFS
and may be a productive focus for psychotherapy.
PMID: 19377023
Bron:
http://psy.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/50/2/147
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